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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 16, 312–325 Burks, Caroline, 338 Business, African American American Woodmen Life Insurance Company, 210 black women and, 8, 10–11 Mary Ellen Pleasant and, 56–66 Sarah Gammon Bickford and, 142–143 social order and, 209–210 . See also Industry opportunities C Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, 37 California black migration to, 7–8, 176, 254–270 Black Panther Party, 344 challenges to racial discrimination in, 8, 68n.18 civil rights movement in, 16, 71 interracial marriage and, 35–36 Mary Ellen Pleasant and, 56–66 motion picture industry, 13, 228–229 race and Spanish colonization of, 4, 40–41 slavery in, 7 women's club movement in, 12 California, Bank of, 61–62 California Colored Citizen's Convention, 8, 100–101 Calloway, Cab, 235, 239 Canada abolition movement and, 59, 67n.7 black migration to, 8, 71–72, 330 Cannady, Beatrice Morrow, 11, 24, 189–190, 194–201 Canty, Hattie, 282–284 Capra, Frank, 228 Carmichael, Stokely, 349, 351 Carter, Bunchy, 354 Carter, Robert, 322 Casta, 33, 38-39 Catholicism black women and, 25 colonization and Native American conversion to, 37–38 education and, 220 Fredi Washington and, 234 Spanish colonization and, 4–5 . See also Religion Catholic University of America, 176 Cayton, Horace, 191 Cayton, Susie Revels, 11, 24, 189–194 Chapman, Kate D., 10, 140–141 Che-Lumumba Club, 353 Chicago, Ill., 190, 194, 344 Chicago, University of, 194 Chicago Defender, 199, 237 Chicago Eight, 353 Child care Black Panther Party and, 355–356 Dorcas Charity Club and, 191 helping ethic and, 264–265 maintaining cultural values and, 260 Women's clubs and, 11–12 Women's Day Nursery, 12 . See also Orphanages Childs, Lyn, 15, 251–252, 246n.36 Chisimard, Joanne. See Shakur, Assata Churches, African American African Methodist Episcopal (AME), 190 community activism and, 106 creation of, 10 family and community role of, 100–101, 135, 169, 113n.13 First AME Church, Seattle, Wash., 205–206 First Street Baptist Church, Oklahoma City, Okla., 334 Progressive Baptist Church, Berkley, Calif., 269–270 role in assisting freedpeople, 9 role in early black protest, 8 role in integration, 130–131 Siloam Baptist Church, Sacramento, Calif., 100 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, Ala., 353 St. Andrew's African Methodist Episcopal Church, Sacramento, Calif., 100–101 |
Taylor Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, Oakland, Calif., 269 Union Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Great Falls, Mont., 123–136, 185 Wesley Chapel AME Church, Los Angeles, Calif., 20n.27 . See also Religion Churches of Christ in America, Federal Council of, 199 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS) African American membership in, 10 history of, 157n.1 Jane Elizabeth Manning James and the, 144–157, 188 slavery and, 7 . See also Religion Civil disobedience, 334 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 92n.64 Civil Rights Act of 1875, Supplementary, 107–108 Civil rights movement activism and, 179 black radicalism and the, 346–347 bridge leadership in the, 348–349 Colored Ladies Legal Rights Association and, 10 community and family and the, 8–9, 97–98 Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) and, 222–223 discrimination and the, 333 in early California, 8, 71, 74–75 education and the, 312–313 Mary Ellen Pleasant and, 56–60 Montana and, 127–128 Nevada and the, 284–287 Oregon and, 195–196 post-World War II and the, 15–16 public education in Sacramento and, 102–104 public transportation in San Francisco and, 75–85 San Francisco, Calif. and the, 270–272 sit-in demonstrations and the, 328–329 Texas and the, 293–305 . See also Black Panther Party Clark, Septima, 329 Class, social, 3-4, 11-12 Cleaver, Eldridge, 351–353, 352, 355 Cleaver, Kathleen, 347, 350–352 Clement, George C., 199 Clover Leaf Art Club, 178–179 Coleman, Rachel, 283–284 Colonel Young War Savings Society, 194 Colonization, Spanish. See Spanish colonization Colorado black migration to, 207–208 challenges to racial discrimination in, 10 Chinese population in, 208–209, 224n.11 Colored Orphanage and Old Folks Home, 12 racism in, 166 women's club movement in, 12, 23 . See also Denver, Colo. Colorado, University of, 165 Colorado Association of Colored Women's Clubs, 11 Colorado Springs, Colo., 165 Colorado State College of Education, 213 Colored Agriculture and Normal University, Langston, Okla., 331 Colored Citizen's Convention, California community and family and the, 100–101 education and, 98, 107 St. Andrew's African Methodist Episcopal Church and, 115n.26 Colored Orphanage and Old Folks Home, 12 Colored Women's Republican Club, 211 Committee to Free the Scottsboro Boys, 193 Common law, common carriers and, 77, 89n.28 Communism, 301–302 Angela Davis and, 353 Communist Party and, 193–194, 353–354 Lulu Belle Madison White and, 301, 304 Lyn Childs and, 251–252 |